Systematic Literature Review: Implementation of a Problem-Based Learning Model with Ethnomathematics Nuances in Improving Students' Mathematical Problem Solving Ability

: The industrial revolution in the 21st century brought changes to the education system, especially in terms of learning media, where the media used must implement the results of innovation. For example, ethnomathematics is used to increase students' competence in finding solutions to mathematical problems. The aim of carrying out this research is to analyze the extent of students' abilities in solving mathematical problems after receiving based learning Problem Based Learning with ethnomathematics methods. Meanwhile, the research implementation method implements SLR ( Systematic Literature Review ) by reviewing several articles that have similar topics in the form of developing student competence in solving mathematical problems based on ethnomathematics in the Problem Based Learning learning model and published between 2019 and 2023. The number of national and international articles used as literature studies was 13 articles. This article was obtained by researchers from the Google Scholar publish or perish database. Based on the analysis carried out, the results showed that the effectiveness of the ethnomathematics-based Problem Based Learning learning model was found in optimizing student competence in terms of solving mathematical problems.


Introduction
The 21st century is an era of globalization where in all areas of life, technological developments and knowledge are growing very rapidly.The field of education is one of them, so the 21st century requires human resources who have extraordinary abilities.Therefore, innovation is needed to improve the ability of graduates with 21st century skills in the learning system (Zubaidah, 2018).Based on the explanation of Saryanto et al., (2022), several types of competencies that individuals must have in the 21st century are explained in the 21st Century Partnership Learning Framework, which include contextsensitive learning skills, having literacy related to communication and information media, having public speaking skills, innovative, creative, collaborative, trustworthy, has the ability to think critically, and is able to solve problems that occur.The definition of problem solving from G. Polya's perspective, namely efforts made to find solutions to problems that occur so that previously set goals can be achieved (Anam & Zahroh, 2022).
Another definition of problem solving based on "Regulation of the Minister of National Education No. 22 of 2006" namely a series of actions carried out by educational institutions for students to achieve the goals of mathematics learning (Utami & Wutsqa, 2017).Thus, it can be said that mathematical problem solving is a very important aspect to understand and develop in order to determine student success in achieving learning goals (Jiang, 2021;Nicolas, 2018;Takahashi, 2021;Walkington, 2019).Problem solving abilities as part of higher level thinking abilities are very important abilities for students to master in learning mathematics (Ulandari et al., 2019).
According to NCTM (2000), ability Problem solving is one of the goals of mathematics learning and is an important part of mathematics itself, so it must be included in mathematics learning (Nuriyati & Supriadi, 2022).Efforts that can be made to optimize student competence in solving mathematical problems include practicing problem solving in between learning activities.Based on the information reported (Kemendikbud, 2019) the number of students in Indonesia who had mathematical abilities in 2018 from the PISA test results was 71%.This percentage value has decreased compared to the previous year.The causal factor is students' low literacy regarding procedures for solving mathematical problems.
Each student in Indonesia has a different level of KPMM (Mathematical Problem Solving Ability).However, the majority indicated that in Indonesia students' KPMM is still relatively low.This is proven by research results Meilani & Maspupah, (2019) found that Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Bongas I class VI students were less skilled at solving mathematical problems because the literacy level regarding the solution procedures was not well understood, so the level of students' mathematical abilities was in the low category.Then, from the research results of Sriwahyuni & Maryati, (2022) they also found that the mathematical literacy level of Pakenjeng High School students was in the low https://edu.pubmedia.id/index.php/ppmcategory.The causal factor is that the majority of Pakenjeng High School students have a low level of literacy in problem solving procedures and what is more, students do not understand the context of the questions well.Likewise, from the results of research by Nugraha & Zanthy, (2019) at SMA Sumur Bandung which found that the KPMM level of class X students was in the low category.This is due to the lack of students' skills in solving mathematical problems and when solving these problems students experience difficulties (Al-Mutawah, 2019;Daher, 2020;Kohen, 2022;Lubienski, 2021;Maker, 2020;Purwaningsih, 2020;Suarsana, 2019;Zhang, 2020).
Efforts that can be made by educators, both lecturers and teachers, to increase students' KPMM are choosing media, methods and learning models that are adapted to students' environmental conditions.For example, by applying the ethnomathematics learning model as has been studied byJaswandi & Mustamiin, (2018) whose research subjects were grade 5 students of SDN 2 Batu Jangkih who found that the students' KPMM scores were higher compared to conventional learning models.Likewise with research results Kartono & Sarah, (2022) found that students' KPMM scores had increased after receiving ethnomathematics-based learning using e-modules for students at SMA Negeri 9 Semarang class X.So the ethnomathematics learning model was effective in optimizing students' KPMM scores.
The increasingly rapid digital development in the 21st century makes it easier for information to enter Indonesia from outside, giving rise to various problems and the erosion of local culture.In facing future threats, education plays an important role.Therefore, mathematics learning must have innovation, one of which is ethnomathematics or culturally based contextual learning.Apart from being a means of introducing local culture, good use of ethnomathematics as an approach and learning also encourages the development of students' KPMM.According to the problem description previously explained, the implementation of this research has several objectives, namely to describe the implementation of ethnomathematics in detail (1) to find out how the results of ethnomathematics studies with problem-based learning nuances are seen from students' mathematical problem solving abilities, as revealed based on research published in 5 years final; (2) to describe the chosen learning media; (3) to describe the research trends of related student KPMM research Problem Based Learning based on ethnomathematics in 2019-2023.

Methodology
The aim of carrying out this research was to interpret, evaluate, study, analyze and identify the results of previous research, so the researcher chose the SLR (Systematic Literature Review) method.The research stages in this research include the identification https://edu.pubmedia.id/index.php/ppmstage to a structured review of previous articles, as the stages involved include (Triandini et al., 2019): The preparation of the RQ is based on the needs of researchers in this topic, where the RQ in this research includes: RQ1 :"What are the results of research on problem based learning with ethnomathematics nuances on students' mathematical problem solving abilities from research published in the last 5 years?"RQ2 :"What are the learning media chosen in the article regarding ethnomathematics learning on students' mathematical problem solving abilities in the last 5 years?"RQ3 :"What is the trend in ethnomathematics nuanced PBL research on students' mathematical problem solving abilities in the last 5 years?"

Search Process
The activities involved in the search process stage are searching for data related to the research question by utilizing the Google Scholar publish or perish database.The keywords used in search engines are: Problem Based Learning, mathematical problem solving abilities, and ethnomathematics.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion and exclusion criteria are used to determine whether or not the data obtained in SLR research is appropriate.Inclusion and exclusion criteria can be seen in table 1 below.The answer to each QA is yes or no.

Data Collection
In this research, the data collected for review is primary data, namely data collected through interviews, observations, surveys, or according to needs.The data that has been collected is then analyzed to answer the RQ.

Data Analysis
Data analysis is based on research questions.

Deviation from Protocol
Throughout the research, the researcher made slight changes related to keywords by refining word similarities.

RQ1. "What are the results of research on problem based learning with ethnomathematics nuances on students' mathematical problem solving abilities from research published in the last 5 years?"
Number of articles published in the last five years related to modelsProblem Based Learningethnomathematics-based to improve students' KPMM totaling 13 articles, as a summary of these articles is represented in Table 3.There was an increase in students' KPMM after implementing the LKS-based ethnomathematics learning model.Apart from that, the application of this learning method can increase student enthusiasm during the delivery of cultural material.(Patmara et al., 2019) Journal of Primary Education, National S3 Problem-based learning with ethnomathematics nuances increases students' KPMM.(Purwanti et al., 2021) Journal of Primary Education, National S3 The problem-based learning (PBL) model, which is based on ethnomathematics, has succeeded in increasing students' KPMM in learning mathematics, especially geometry material.(Putri et al., 2021)     Of the 13 articles that have been reviewed, the authors of these articles are Indonesian.The development of ethnomathematics research in Indonesia can be carried out through learning approaches or media.Ethnomathematics is related to learning media which can be in the form of ethnomathematics modules (Bahri et al., 2018), ethnomathematics worksheets containing story problems (Paramartha et al., 2020), and the use of ethnomathematics e-LKPD (Setiana et al., 2021).Furthermore, e-LKPD is an LKS/LKPD that was developed by following technological developments and canmade one of the optionsdistance learning media.Not only that, e-LKPD with an ethnomathematics nuance can also be used to develop students' KPMM and can be used as a bridge in embedding students with the surrounding culture.

Conclusion
There are 13 research articles that use the ethnomathematics nuanced PBL learning model as a treatment for students with the aim of increasing students' KPMM in the 2019-2023 period.Publications in the 2019-2023 period are dominated by the SMP/MTs level.First, the results of these studies generally prove that there is an influence of the Problem Based Learning model with ethnomathematics nuances on increasing students' KPMM when compared to other learning models.Second, ethnomathematics research on KPMM and KCBL published in 2019-2023 tends to use LKPD learning media.Third, more research focuses on problem-based learning models with ethno-mathematical nuances for KPMM published in 2019-2023, and more research chooses mathematical material about plane figures.And most of the research in that time period tends to increase.The results show that research on methods or models using ethnomathematics is still suitable for subsequent research on how effective student KPMM is.

(Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Educational level Figure 2 shows that research regarding Problem Based Learning has an ethnomathematics nuance towards students' KPMM in the 2019-2023 publications.It can be seen that at the junior high school level the percentage shows 61%, which means that research on ethnomathematics nuanced Problem Based Learning towards KPMM is mostly carried out at the junior high school level.

Table 1 .
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The next stage is analyzing the data that has been collected based on Quality Assessment, namely: https://edu.pubmedia.id/index.php/ppm

Table 3 .
Research Results related to the Implementation of the Problem Based Learning Model with Ethnomathematical Nuances in Increasing Students' KPMM https://edu.pubmedia.id/index.php/ppm